Elusive Value: Title and Escrow

Working largely in an industry within real estate that provides a service behind the scenes presents problems in conveying value to the people who recommend our services:  Realtors and Loan Officers.

It has always been an awkward situation.   Realtors and Loan officers are customers, not clients.  There is a difference, not in importance each plays in a transaction (very important), but in how the relationship is treated by each party to the other.

You have essentially two camps:

1)       Agents and loan officers who believe that they control your business by intimidation or by the threat of moving their business to a competitor or both.  They sometimes feel like title and escrow companies “owe

The Statutory Warranty Deed: What You Should Know as the Seller

This is not legal advice. For legal advice, consult an attorney in person, not a blog.

In most instances, a buyer will take title to the property by a statutory warranty deed. As the name implies, this deed is defined by statute. That said, this statute merely codified the common law, which evolved over several hundred years (beginning in medieval England).

In any event, a statutory warranty deed includes several warranties, or promises, from the seller:

(1) That at the time of the making and delivery of such deed he was lawfully seized of an indefeasible estate in fee simple, in and to the premises therein described, and had good right and full power to convey the same; (2) that the same were then free from all encumbrances; and (3) that he warrants to the grantee, his heirs and assigns, the quiet and peaceable possession of such premises, and will defend the title thereto against all persons who may lawfully claim the same.

Given that this is pretty dense “legalese,” I’ll summarize: When a seller conveys title by statutory warranty deed, the seller warrants to (or promises) the buyer: (1) that the seller was the sole true and legal owner of the property; (2) that the seller had the legal authority to pass title to the buyer; (3) that the property is free from all encumbrances; (4) that the buyer’s ownership of the property will not be challenged; and (5) that the seller will defend the buyer’s claim of ownership if challenged. If one of these warranties is breached, then the seller will be liable to the buyer under the terms of the deed.

Of particular importance, a seller makes these warranties and will be liable for their breach even if the buyer knows of the breach at the time of conveyance. If the seller wants to limit these warranties and to exclude certain known breaches (for example, a known encumbrance), then the seller must do so in the deed itself. This is accomplished by a “subject to” clause in the deed.

If the deed does not identify an existing encumbrance in a “subject to” clause, then the seller faces liability immediately upon closing. For example, assume the seller and buyer are both aware of the fact that the neighbor’s fence encroaches five feet onto the property. Moreover, everyone knows that the fence has been there for 20 years. Thus, everyone knows that the neighbor has a very good adverse possession claim (i.e., the neighbor has a good claim that he has taken ownership of the portion of the property on his side of the fence). Regardless, unless the deed specifically excludes this claim from the warranties within the deed, the seller will still be liable to the buyer for this claim. The seller would have to pay for any defense of the buyer’s title (i.e., attorney’s fees and costs of litigation), and if the neighbor had taken title to the area then the seller would have to compensate the buyer for the resulting loss in value.

Thus, it is important that the deed by which the seller conveys title correctly excludes from the inherent warranties those defects on title that are known and exist at the time of closing. Of course, a buyer may object to a “subject to” clause that includes the known defect (such as the fence and adverse claim in the hypothetical above) because the purchase and sale agreement requires the seller to resolve such encumbrances. But if the seller simply folds on the issue and warrants against the encumbrance, the seller is not doing himself any favors. Rather, certain liability will result.

Subject: Need Your Help…Making Home Affordable Program

I get a lot of emails from people who are looking for some help with their mortgage needs from the articles I write here and on my mortgage blog.   I just heard back from a reader today who I’ve been having an email dialogue with since March.  He contacted me after reading a post I had written with the subject line:  “Need Your Help…Making Home Affordable Program”.   I asked him today if I could share the emails so our readers can see what it has been like for this homeowner trying to get a HARP refi.  

March 8, 2009  

I read your post and I’m very excited.  I am a novice when it comes to mortgage so please help me understand this.  I bought my house 4 years ago and the values have dropped.  I have two mortgages 80% and 20% with the same lender.  I am currently paying around 42% of my gross income.  

My understanding is that only the first mortgage will be lowered down?  Both of my mortgages are with the same lender [very large bank].  I will call them on Monday but need to hear from you as I trust your opinion more.  What will happen to my other 20% loan, it’s at 7%.  Please help….

I provide the toll free number and contact information for his bank.  With two mortgages at 100% or higher loan to value, it’s pretty challenging to help anyone.  Second mortgages have become more difficult than ever–even with short sale negotiations.    I suggested that he contact his bank/mortgage servicer since they have both mortgages with hopes they would maybe modify his loan if it did not qualify for the refi.

March 9, 2009

Thank you for your support, it means a lot to me.  I was on hold with the bank for no avail.  I will try again tomorrow.  I guess they’re receiving too many calls these days.

I replied:  I’m sure they’re inundated…they did a lot of second mortgage/home equity loans up to 100% loan-to-value.

March 10, 2009

I was able to get hold of them this morning at 5:00 a.m. (they open at 8 EST).  The good news is that my first mortgage is with Fannie Mae…they would not discuss options with me until I fill out their paperwork.  Thanks for all of your help.

I told him I was glad and asked him to keep me informed of his progress.   He immediately replied:

Sure, I will keep you posted.  I will be submitting my application by this Friday  🙂

I didn’t hear from him again until today.

Hi.  I hope everything is going well for you.  I just wanted to update you regarding my application.   Well, the bank denied my application citing that my monthly payments on my first, including insurance, property taxes and HOA is not 37% of my monthly gross income.   When I argued that the program says 31%, their rebuttal is that they us a sliding scale based on income.  I’m not sure if this is what the program guidelines say or is it just something the bank came up with on their own.   I just wanted to thank you for your help through this effort.

There are a lot of stats thrown to the press about how great HARP is and how many people have been helped.   There are many who have not been so lucky and have had to go through hoops to find out.

Has any home owner had success dealing with their second mortgage with a Home Affordable refinance or loan mod program?

The Unintended Consequences of Growth Management

A recent interview with Cato Institute Senior Fellow Randal O’Toole brings to light another significant factor in our greater Seattle housing market’s recent run up and fall down – the effect of our state growth management and local urban planning regulations on the price of housing and the creation of the shortage mentality in buyers during that period.  

Here is a link to the article, courtesy of Realty Times: http://realtytimes.com/rtpages/20091105_restrictive.htm

In essence, the Cato Institute study found that the bubble wasn’t really national, it was mostly confined to about a dozen states, all of whom were practicing some form of what urban planners call ‘growth management’ – basically pushing the bulk of housing growth into limited urban areas (sure sounds familiar). The effect of that practice was to boost the price of land inside the urban area, and make housing more expensive – and incidentally increase the tax revenues and job growth of cities in preference to counties – hmm.  That same restriction also allowed the cities to impose more and more permitting restrictions that caused more expense and longer lead times for developers – and thereby both restricted supply and raised prices to consumers even further.

My favorite example of some of these practices is the number of brand new houses built in Kirkland in the past few years that have a detached garage with a qualified accessory dwelling unit above it.  How many buyers qualified to buy a $1.5 Million house would want a detached garage, let alone a large ADU they have no intention of renting to a stranger on their property?  But it sure helps the city of Kirkland meet their growth management requirement for additional ‘housing’ units.

There’s a lot more more interesting analysis and discussion in the article – well worth reading.

Two Homebuyer Credits in One Bill

2for1Well it’s all approved and just needs the President’s Signature, so I think we can pretty much call this Homebuyer Credit Bill a done deal.

I am not going to call it an extension of the $8,000 credit, for fear that too many will miss the added $6,500 credit for *move up buyers. Two credits in one bill.

We won’t have the IRS links until after the Bill is passed, of course, but I updated my post of last week to reflect all of the things I expect this bill to have. Very little change from what was expected.

On the $6,500 credit looks like close date is not an issue and contract needs to be on or after Nov. 7.

So there it is…a two for one special. $8,000 First Time Buyer per the definition in the current bill PLUS a $6,500 credit for move up buyers for home purchase up to $800,000*who have owned their current home and lived in it consecutively for 5 of the last 8 years.

Fannie Mae Announces Deed for Lease Program

In a press release this morning, Fannie Mae announced a new program for homeowners who are facing foreclosure and who do not qualify for a loan modification:  Deed for Lease.  Distressed homeowners would complete a deed in lieu of foreclosure back to the lender anad then rent their home from the lender at market rate.   Leases may be up to 12 months followed with a month to month option.  

Jay Ryan, Vice President of Fannie Mae says:

“This new program helps eliminate some of the uncertainty of foreclosure, keeps families and tenants in their homes during a transitional period, and helps to stabilize neighborhoods and communities.” 

  For homeowners to qualify for the Deed for Lease Program:

  • The home must be occupied as a primary residence.  Investment properties may be eligibile as long as there is a tenant occupying the propert and willing to participate in the Deed for Lease Program.  
  • This program is not available for second homes or vacation homes.
  • Available for 1-4 unit properties where Fannie Mae owns the mortgage (not available for government guaranteed or insured loans: FHA, HUD, VA, USDA).
  • Second mortgages/liens on the property are not allowed;
  • Borrower/tenant must be able to document that the new lease payment does not exceed 31% of their gross monthly income.
  • At least three mortgage payments must have been made since the last origination/loan modification.
  • Borrower may not be more than 12 months past due on the mortgage.
  • Borrower/tenant may not be actively involved in a bankruptcy.
  • Rental insurance may be required if there are pets.  (You probably want rental insurance regardless).
  • Borrower/tenant will need to pay a lease application fee of $75 fee per unit.

I’m wondering if this will be considered a taxable sale — will there be excise tax due?   A title insurance policy will be required to prove the title is “marketable”.    The properties will be inspected to make sure the occupants have kept the home in good condition and to permit the marketing of the property for sale.  I would hope that the Deed for Lease tennant would have the first right to re-purchase their home during the 12 month period.   According to Fannie Mae’s announcement: 

“A Deed for Lease property that is subsequently sold includes an assignment of the lease to the buyer.”  

Homeowners will need to work directly with their mortgage servicer (who they make their mortgage payment to) in order to see if they qualify.  According to Fannie Mae, mortgage servicers can offer this program immediately–however, you can bet it may take a while for this program to become available.   Fannie Mae offers these instructions for homeowners who are considering this program.

I’m wondering if there is excise tax due on the sale of the property to the lender.

The intent of the program, which I applaud, is: 

“to minimize family displacement, deterioration of neighborhoods caused by vandalism and theft to vacant homes, and the effect these have on families, communities and home price stabilization”.  

I’m sure we all have abanoned homes in our neighborhoods and know families who have lost their homes.   Hopefully this will help make things a little better for all while our housing industry and our economy is trying to recover.

Investors, Tax Credit & 90 Day Seasoning.

crystal ballI rarely write on investor topics, because most of my topics come from recent issues discussed with one or more of my clients. But this week I was speaking with one of the few investor clients I choose to work with, though I use the term “work with” loosely, as most of the time I tell him “no, I don’t think that’s going to work out well for you.”

The client is looking at relatively lower priced homes. Without getting into too much detail due to confidentiality reasons, suffice it to say that the property purchased would end up back on market in a short time. While I am helping him purchase, and may or may not be helping him sell it later, I cannot move a step forward (for him) if I see a chink in the plan going ALL the way forward. Some will say that’s not my job, just write it up and let him buy the thing…but my brain just isn’t wired that way. But that’s the subject of another post.

It is very difficult to have a wide enough profit margin on a flip project to make it worthwhile. For that reason and many others, this is not a time when I accept investor clients without a lot of thought and penciling out of the numbers. That rules out most if not many investors except those “able” to do a lot of the work vs. hire it out. EXCEPT there is that problem of local laws that suggest, and buyers who want, ONLY a licensed contractor making those repairs and improvements.

But that is not the biggest current chink in the plan. The problem as I see it is balancing the timing of the soon to be buyer credits with The FHA 90 day seasoning rule.  Lower priced home sales over the next slightly less than 6 month period will most likely be supported by a new credit for buyers who are in contract on or before April 30 of 2010, this based on information available at present. What will happen at the end of that period is anyone’s guess, but my guess is that it will not be extended beyond that date in a meaningful way and that the market will react negatively come May 1, 2010. Even if the powers that be move to a phasing out stop-gap credit, I think that will be a total waste of money on all fronts, and that May 1, 2010 is D-Day anyway you slice it. It’s the day the carrot on the stick is no longer fit for consumption and a new carrot will not be forthcoming.

OK…moving on…why is this a problem? You write up the purchase, you close in 30 to 45 days…say mid December. Now, in order to get the property in escrow with a buyer before April 30, 2010 you rush a team of workers in there and get the whole thing done and back on market in 4 weeks by Jan 15, 2010. That gives you 105 days to get it into contract with a new buyer, right? Not so fast…maybe not.

Let’s assume that many if not most people in that area have been buying via FHA vs. 20% down or more Conventional. Each area is different and in this case FHA is the primary means of purchase in this price range for owner occupant buyers. In the instant case, the house specifics suggest the buyer will NOT be someone with lots of downpayment. Now let’s assume that if you can’t sell the house via FHA, you probably won’t sell it at all. Now let’s add one of the “newer” FHA restrictions (of many) The 90 day Seasoning Rule. This rule requires that the owner (my client) own the property for at least 90 days (seasoned ownership) before selling it. There are some exceptions to that rule, including banks who have foreclosed on the home:

On September 1, 2009, the rule was somewhat relaxed.  FHA now allows for a waiver when the property  is owned by a bank or some other foreclosing entity.  It also allows for a relaxation of the rule when a home is sold by a state or federal agency.

Now let’s go back to our timeline. He closes on the purchase on Dec. 15, 2009. He has to own it 90 days before the buyer can get FHA financing, that takes us to March 15th. Now his 105 days starts looking more like March 15 to April 30 or 45 days. There is no easy answer here and you can list it on January 15th and say “cannot close before March 15 IF the buyer is using an FHA loan”. But if you can’t get loan approval until March 15, you can’t close ON March 15 as a result….you see where I’m going here.

This weak market is not all about supply and demand. This weak market is not all about tighter lending standards as to income and downpayment needed to purchase. This weak market is not purely based on the rise and fall of the Homebuyer Credit.

Rather…this weak market going all the way back to August of 2007 (for the Seattle Area) is about the rules of the game constantly changing so much and so fast that sometimes waiting on the sidelines for the dust to settle becomes the best option. For flippers…well, it ‘s a very, very tough time to be one and it is not for anyone who wants to put on rose colored glasses. Get out your crystal ball and look at all the chinks in the armor.

Escrow Trenches: nutty funding conditions

Recall those episodes where Jerry Seinfeld grits his teeth and in one exasperated and frustrated breadth says, “Neeeewman!”

Similarly, so do title and escrow staff in dealing with lender funding conditions and other challenges that seemingly are for no other purpose but to drive us to the closet for our straight-jackets.

Unfortunately, some conditions cannot be easily met at the moment the request comes over the fax or e-mail.   Some require work that delays closings.  Or, in extreme cases a condition can completely shut down all other transactions you are working on for a couple of hours to work feverishly to meet conditions or do a workaround when parties to a transaction become completely uncooperative.

Here’s a couple funding conditions pulled from our short list posted on our blog:

  • “Prove that the borrowers are not married.” (hmmm)
  • “Slight variance in borrower’s signature from others of the same borrower, need borrower to re-execute documents.”  (can cause escrow people to find a new profession.  Who’s signature is the same after signing an FHA loan package that is 119 pages long and 1.375 inches thick?)
  • “Borrower signed on the line adjacent to the one provided where the name appears.   Please re-execute the document.”  (resulted in a re-sign after tracking down the borrower).

While these are humorous after the fact it also paints a picture of what goes on behind the scenes.   Another thing that creates grins for title and escrow staff:  When there is a “rush” on a request and that request involves the collaboration and cooperation with a government agency.